| MARCH 23 - BIRTHS | |
| Robert C. Gallo | |
(source) |
 Born 23
Mar 1937
American scientist who co-discovered (1984) the virus responsible for AIDS - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The French scientist Luc Montagnier independently found the same virus in 1983, but did link it with AIDS. Gallo developed the HIV blood test. Then health care workers could for the first time screen for the AIDS virus, both to protect blood transfusion stocks, and also to permit faster diagnosis of patients. Gallo continued to research therapies for those infected with HIV. In 1996, he discovered a natural compound - chemokines - can block the HIV virus and arrest the progression of AIDS. After 30 years at the National Cancer Institute, in 1996 he became head of the new Institute of Virology.« |
| Wernher von Braun | |
(source) |
Born 23
Mar 1912; died 16 June 1977.
Wernher Magnus Maximilian von Braun was a German-born American engineer who was one of the most important developers of rockets and their evolution to applications in space exploration. His interest began as a teenager in Germany, and during WW II he led the development of the deadly V–2 ballistic missile for the Nazis (which role remains controversial). After war, he was taken to use his knowledge to produce rockets for the U.S. Army. In 1960, he transferred to the newly formed NASA and became director of Marshall Space Flight Center and chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle used to put men on the moon. His contributions include the Explorer satellites; Jupiter, Pershing, Redstone and Saturn rockets, and Skylab.«  Dr.
Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun, by Bob Ward. |
| Daniel Bovet | |
(source) |
Born 23
Mar 1907; died 8 Apr 1992.
Swiss-French-Italian pharmacologistwho was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles." In 1944, Bovet discovered pyrilamine (mepyramine), the first clinically useful antihistamine, which is effective against allergic reactions, by blocking the neurotransmitter histamine. In 1947, a search for a synthetic substitute for curare (a muscle relaxant) led to his discovery of gallamine and other muscle relaxants.«  The
Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists by
Istvan Hargittai, James D. Watson |
| Sir John Randall | |
| Born 23
Mar 1905; died 16 Jun 1984.
English physicist whose critical improvements to the cavity magnetron, the microwave-generating device used in radar, was a major contribution to winning WWII. A magnetron is now commonplace in homes inside the microwave oven. Earlier magnetrons made in the 1920's gave low power output. By Feb 1940, development by Randall with Harry Boot of the small-sized cavity magnetron which generated centimeter wavelengths at much higher power allowed radar to detect smaller objects. In turn, this more compact equipment with a smaller antenna permitted easy mobile installation of high-resolution radar in aircraft. After the war, Randall turned to biophysics, including directing experimental work on DNA structure.« |
|
| Erich Fromm | |
(source) |
Born 23
Mar 1900; died 18 Mar 1980.
German-American psychologist who investigated the connections between psychology and society. He was born in Germany, but fled from the Nazis, and worked in many fields of the humanities. Although influenced by Freud's theories, Fromm diverged in thinking that beyond the unconscious alone, conditions of the society and economy affect human behaviour. Fromm believed psychoanalytic principles could be applied to remedy cultural ills. He wished to see the creation of a sane society meeting human needs with harmony between men and nations in a nuclear age, and helped organize the National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE) in 1957.« The
Sane Society, by Erich Fromm. |
| Emmy Noether | |
(source) |
Born 23
Mar 1882; died 14 Apr 1935.
(Amalie) Emmy Noether was a German mathematician best known for her contributions to abstract algebra, in particular, her study of chain conditions on ideals of rings. In theoretical physics, she produced Noether's Theorem, which proves a relationship between symmetries in physics and conservation principles. This basic result in the general theory of relativity was praised by Einstein. It was her work in the theory of invariants which led to formulations for several concepts of Einstein's general theory of relativity. For her obituary in The New York Times, Albert Einstein wrote: "Fraulein Noether was the most significant mathematical genius thus far produced since the higher education of women began."« 
Emmy
Noether, by Auguste Dick. |
| Hermann Staudinger | |
(source) |
Born 23
Mar 1881; died 9 Sep 1965.
German chemist who received the 1953 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the structure of polymers as long-chain molecules. In 1910, he developed a new, simple synthesis for isoprene, the basic molecular unit in synthetic rubber. By the 1920's, Staudinger had formed his view that polymer molecules could be very long chain of repeating units joined by normal chemical bonds, rather than the prevailing view that polymers were merely a disorderly aggregation of smaller molecules held together by some other forces. He coined the term "macromolecule" (1922). Eventually X-ray crystallography confirmed his long-chain structure of polymers. His work was a major contribution to molecular biology.« |
| Richard Anthony Proctor | |
(source) |
Born 23
Mar 1837; died 12 Sep 1888.
English astronomer who first suggested (1873) that meteor impacts caused lunar craters, rather than volcanic action. He studied the motion of stars, their distribution, and their relation to the nebulae. In 1867 he prepared a map of the surface of Mars on which he named continents, seas, bays and straits (in the same manner that Riccioli used on his map of the moon). However, he did not perceive "canals" on the surface, which later Schiaparelli identified. Proctor participated in expeditions of 1874 and 1882 to observe the transit of Venus. He was very successful popularizing astronomy by his writings in books, periodicals, and lectures he gave as far abroad as Australia and America (where he stayed after 1881).«  |
| Norman Robert Pogson | |
(source) |
Born 23
Mar 1829; died 23 Jun 1891.
English astronomer who devised the magnitude scale of the brightness of stars (1850) now in use. He divided the classical scale in which a first magnitude star is one hundred times brighter than a sixth magnitude star using five integer steps. Each step represents a fifth-root of 100 (about 2.512) increase in brightness. The Sun's magnitude on this scale is -26.91, whereby negative numbers denote objects brighter than first magnitude. Sirius is magnitude -1.58, Aldebaran is 1 and the faintest star detected is 30. His interest in astronomy began in his youth; by age 18 he had calculated orbits for two comets. He discovered 8 asteroids, 21 new variable stars and compiled a massive star catalogue. In 1860 he moved to India for the remainder of his life's work.« |
| William Smith | |
(source) |
Born 23
Mar 1769; died 28 Aug 1839.
English engineer and geologist who extended the science of stratigraphy. His early work was as a miner and an engineer, for a canal-digging company. From this experience he observed the difference in rock layers. He also recognized that the same succession of fossil groups from older to younger rocks could be found in many parts of England, which he called the principle of faunal succession. He travelled the entire country to verify that relationships between the strata and their characteristics were consistent everywhere. Thus Smith created a profile of the entire country of England. His great geologic map of England and Wales (1815) set the standard for modern geologic maps. Many of the colourful names he gave to the strata are still in use today.« [Image: portrait of William Smith by Abner Lowe in the 1920s] The
Map That Changed the World: The Tale of William Smith...,
by Simon Winchester. |
| Pierre-Simon Laplace | |
(source) |
Born 23
Mar 1749; died 5 Mar 1827.
(marquis) French mathematician, astronomer, and physicist, known for his mathematical analysis of the stability of the solar system (1773), alleviating Newton's concerns about perturbations between planets. He took an exact approach to science. He developed an explanation of surface tension of a liquid in terms of inter-molecular attractions, investigated capillary action and the speed of sound. He assisted Lavoisier (1783) investigating specific heat and heats of combustion, initiating the science of thermochemistry. He believed the solar system formed from a collapsing nebula. He contributed to the mathematics of probability and calculus, in which a differential equation is known by his name, and was involved in establishing the metric system.«
Pierre-Simon
Laplace, 1749-1827, by Charles Coulston Gillispie. |
| Hans Ulrich Grubenmann | |
(source) |
Born 23 Mar 1709; died 24 Jan 1783.
Swiss carpenter, who with his brother Johannes, built a bridge (1758) over the Limmat River at the town of Wettingen, near Zürich, that is believed to be the first timber bridge to employ a true arch in its design. The brothers' ingenious combination of the arch and truss principles made it possible to construct bridges longer and better than ever before. They constructed churches as well as other bridges. [Image: model of third Rhine bridge at Schaffhauser opened 27 Feb 1758 (source)] |
| John Bartram | |
 |
Born 23
Mar 1699; died 22 Sep 1777.
U.S. naturalist and explorer known as "father of American botany." From the age of ten he had a passion for botany, and being interested also in medicine, he made a systematic study of healing plants. In 1728, Bartram purchased land beside the Schuylkill River at Kingsessing, outside Philadelphia, created his Garden, and began what were probably the first experiments in hybridizing in America. He travelled widely to gather ripe seeds and roots and bulbs in proper condition for transplanting. His Garden now forms part of Philadelphia's small park system and remains the oldest shrine to botanists in America. Many giant trees known to have been planted by Bartram's hand are still to be seen there. The
Life and Travels of John Bartram, Edmund Berkeley. |
| Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli | |
(source) |
Born 23
Mar 1500; died Jan/Feb 1577.
Italian physician and botanist who translated Dioscoride’s famous 1st-century herbal, Materia Medica into Italian as Di Pedacio Dioscoride Anazarbeo libri cinque (1544), adding commentary to clarify and expand it with his own research observations. He gave very detailed descriptions of each genus of plant, illustrated with many delicately detailed woodcuts by Giorgio Liberale. As a textbook for pharmacology used during the next two centuries, with translations in many languages, it influenced the development of modern botany. Mattioli collected and studied hundreds of plants for their medicinal value, many of them new to science. He also wrote on medical subjects including the origin and treatment of syphilis.« |
|
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| MARCH 23 - DEATHS | |
| Neal E(lgar) Miller | |
(source) |
 Died
23 Mar 2002 (born 3 Aug 1909)
American psychologist and neuroscientist who was the first to identify and promote biofeedback. He demonstrated experimentally that individuals may learn to control their heart rate and digestion in the same sense that walking is a learned activity. This work began in the 1950s when he investigated how such functions of the autonomic system could be consciously controlled by an animal or person. Proof came from his experiments with rats that he trained to control these functions using a system of rewards and punishment. At first, few scientists accepted these ideas, but gradually his theories on biofeedback gained support and are now widely accepted. In 1964, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.« Social
Learning and Imitation, by Neal Elgar Miller and John
Dollard |
| Denis (Parsons) Burkitt | |
(source) |
Died
23 Mar 1993 (born 28 Feb 1911)
Irish surgeon and medical researcher who first identifiedBurkitt's lymphoma. In 1957, in Uganda, Burkitt found several children suffering from fast-spreading tumours in the head and neck. When they died within weeks, Burkitt recognised this was a previously undescribed cancer disease. He showed that these and all cases were characterized by infiltration of the affected tissues by lymphocytes. With colleagues Edward Williams and Clifford Nelson, he plotted the geographical incidence of the disease, and found it in the same areas endemic with malaria. This survey is regarded as one of the pioneering studies of geographical pathology. Burkitt helped to develop chemotherapy for the disease. Later, he championed high fibre diets.« Fiber
Man: The Life Story of Dr Denis Burkitt, by Brian Kellock. |
| Jean Prouvé | |
(source) |
Died
23 Mar 1984 (born 8 Apr 1901)
French engineer and builder known particularly for his contributions to the art and technology of prefabricated metal construction. Prouvé was first apprenticed to a blacksmith, and then to a metal workshop. In Nancy in 1923 he opened what would be the first in a string of his own workshops and studios. He produced wrought iron products and began designing furniture. In 1931, he opened the successful "Ateliers Jean Prouvé." He was one of the creators of the first prefabricated building in the world, the 1937 Roland Garros flight club. After WW II, his company mass-produced frame houses for refugees. His company built industrial buildings from aluminum and sent hundreds of aluminum sheds to Africa. He went on to produce other major buildings. "Jean
Prouvé Highlights 1917-1944" by Peter Sulzer |
| Max Mason | |
(source) |
Died
23 Mar 1961 (born 26 Oct 1877)
American mathematical physicist, educator, and science administrator. During World War I he invented several devices for submarine detection - several generations of the Navy's "M," or multiple-tube, passive submarine sensors. This apparatus focused sound to ascertain its source. To determine the direction from which the sound came, the operator needed only to seek the maximum output on his earphones by turning a dial. The final device had a range of 3 miles. Mason's special interest and contributions lay in mathematics (differential equations, calculus of variations), physics (electromagnetic theory), invention (acoustical compensators, submarine-detection devices), and the administration of universities and foundations. |
| G.N. Lewis | |
(source) |
Died
23 Mar 1946 (born 23 Oct 1875)
G(ilbert) N(ewton) Lewis was an American chemist who collaborated with Langmuir in developing an atomic theory. He developed a theory of valency, which introduced the covalent bond (c. 1916), whereby a chemical combination is made between two atoms by the sharing of a pair of electrons, one contributed from each atom. This was part of his more general octet theory, published in Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules (1923). Lewis visualized the electrons in an atom as being arranged in concentric cubes. The sharing of these electrons he illustrated in the Lewis dot diagrams familiar to chemistry students. He generalized the concept of acids and bases now known as Lewis acids and Lewis bases.« A
Biography of Distinguished Scientist Gilbert Newton Lewis,
by Edward S. Lewis |
| Sir Napier Shaw | |
(source) |
Died
23 Mar 1945 (born 4 Mar 1854)
Sir (William) Napier Shaw was an English meteorologist who applied his training in mathematics. He studied the upper atmosphere, using instruments carried by kites and high-altitude balloons. He measured (1906) the movement of air in two anti-cyclones, finding descent rates of 350 and 450 metres per day. He calculated the reduction in pressure due to a certain depression to correspond to the removal of two million million tons of air. He introduced the millibar unit for measurement of air pressure (1000 millibar = 1 bar = 1 standard atmosphere) and the tephigram to illustrate the temperature of a vertical profile of the atmosphere. He also co-authored an early work on atmospheric polluiton, The Smoke Problem of Great Cities (1925).« |
| Thomas Corwin Mendenhall | |
(source) |
Died
23 Mar 1924 (born 4 Oct 1841)
American physicist and meteorologist, the first to propose the use of a ring pendulum for measuring absolute gravity. From 1889 to 1894 he served both as Director of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and also Superintendent of the U.S. Standard Weights and Measures where he oversaw the shift in the fundamental standards of the U.S. from the English yard and pound to the International Meter and Kilogram. Mendenhall devised a quarter second's pendulum for gravity measurements and instituted improvements in the measurement of base lines with wire tapes, in the construction of instruments for precise leveling and in the methods used in triangulation and gravity work, and developed a comprehensive plan for the study of terrestrial magnetism. |
| Samuel Gregory | |
(source) |
Died
23 Mar 172 (born 19 Apr 1813)
American pioneer in the medical education of women who founded the Boston Female Medical School (Nov 1848), first medical school in the world exclusively for women, because he disapproved of "male midwives." Opened with 12 students, its early curriculum focused on midwifery. In 1850, renamed the New England Female Medical College, expanded to include a full medical curriculum, and the college began to grant medical degrees to women. Gregory wrote on educational and sanitary subjects. He was secretary of the College until his death. By 1873, the college had graduated 98 women. In 1874, it merged with Boston University School of Medicine, thus becoming one of the world's first coed medical colleges. [Image: from title page of of the Thirteenth Annual Announcement of the New England Female Medical College, 1860.] |
| Andrés Manuel Del Rio | |
(source) |
Died
23 Mar 1849 (born 10 Nov 1764)
Spanish-American mineralogist who discovered (1801) a new element, later named vanadium. While a professor of mineralogy in Mexico, Del Rio examined a specimen of brown lead from Zimapan and found a new metal, similar to chromium and uranium, which he name erythronium, after the red colour of one of its chemical compounds (Greek erythros, "red"). He was dissuaded by other chemists, and eventually regarded it as impure chromium. Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström, rediscovered the element (1830) and named it vanadium, after Vanadis, the Scandinavian goddess of beauty, because of its beautiful multi-coloured compounds. Since the early 1900s, vanadium has been used as an alloying element for steels and iron.* |
| William Maclure | |
(source) |
Died
23 Mar 1840 (born 27 Oct 1763)
Scottish-American, born to wealth in Ayr, Scotland, William Maclure moved to the U.S. in 1778. He was an educational reformer and a geologist who is known for his geological map - the first true geological map of any part of North America and one of the earliest such maps compiled. Before 1800, he had owned businesses in the new country, traveled extensively in Europe, and joined the American Philosophical Society. Through a number of years, Maclure traveled and resided in France, Italy, Paris, Switzerland, and Spain. When Benjamin Silliman organized the American Geological Society in 1819, Maclure was elected president. |
| MARCH 23 - EVENTS | |
| Mir destroyed | |
(source) |
In 2001, the Russian space station, Mir,
ended 15 years in orbit by burning up in Earth's atmosphere as the way
chosen to end its life. Mir, launched in 1986, had far exceeded its original
planned five year lifespan. The Russian government decided in Oct 2000
that its poor condition could no longer justify the expense to maintain
its use. A docked Progress tanker had been remotely commanded by mission
controllers to fire rockets and lower its orbit and cause re-entry into
the atmosphere. The debris that did not burn up during re-entry fell harmlessly
into the Pacific Ocean at the planned target zone between New Zealand and
Chile. For safety, airlines had rerouted Pacific flights in anticipation
of the event, and ships had been warned
earlier. [Frame from a video
showing burning fragments of Mir that were visible over Fiji] « |
| Mir and Atlantis dock | |
Lucid (NASA) |
In 1996, the U.S. space shutttle Atlantis docked
with the Russian space station Mir, for the first time dropping off a U.S.
astronaut for an extended stay
on the Mir. The astronaut, Shannon
Lucid, was the first American woman to live aboard
the Russian station (118 days). Lucid, a biochemist, was also the first
woman to fly in space five times. The two craft joined up 245 miles (400-km)
above Russia. This was the third in a series of dockings intended as preparation
for a planned internationally operated space station. The flight
was the 76th in the U.S. shuttle program and the 16th for the Atlantis
orbiter, which had performed the two prior Mir dockings. Lucid made the
return flight on Atlantis 16 Sep 1996.« |
| Huntington's gene | |
(source) |
In 1993, the identification of the gene that causes Huntington's disease
was announced as the result of ten years' effort by the Huntington's Disease
Collaborative Research Group, formed by six laboratories in the U.S., England
and Wales. They stressed that more work remained before the mutation could
be used as a precise prognostic tool. The disease causes progressive debilitating
symptoms of jerky movements, dementia, personality changes, memory loss
and irritability. The mutation, found on chromosome 4, affects a triplet
of genetic units called bases represented by the chemical initials CAG,
of which from 11 to 34 triplets are normally present in healthy people,
whereas Huntington's patients have from 35 to 100 of them.«
Mapping
Fate: A Memoir of Family, Risk, and Genetic Research,
by Alice Wexler. |
| Cold fusion | |
(source) |
In 1989, fusion at room temperature was claimed
by Martin Fleischmann and Stan Pons, two Utah electrochemists. They believed
they had sustained a controlled nuclear fusion reaction in a bench-top
fusion percolator made up of two electrodes with heavy water which generated
up to 100 per cent more energy than they put in. There were sporadic sightings
of excess heat, which Fleischmann said cannot be accounted for by chemistry
alone. However, the idea of cold fusion was discredited because leading
scientists were unable to replicate the work and found no hallmarks of
nuclear processes, especially none of the subatomic particles called neutrons.
Their tantalizing promise of a limitless supply of cheap energy were invalid.«
Cold
Fusion: The Making of a Scientific Controversy, by F.
David Peat. |
| Artificial heart | |
(source) |
In 1983, Dr. Barney C. Clark (born 21 Jan 1921), the first recipient of
a permanent artificial heart, died at the University of Utah's Medical
Center after 112 days with the device. Doctors at the University of Utah
Medical Center said one day later that the death resulted from a massive
circulatory collapse "resulting from a multitude of causes."
True
Valor: Barney Clark and the Artificial Heart, by Earl
Selby and Miriam Selby. |
| Gemini III | |
|
In 1965, America's first two-person space flight began as Gemini III,
nicknamed the "Molly Brown," blasted off from Cape Kennedy with astronauts
Virgil I. Grissom and John W. Young aboard. |
|
| World meterology | |
|
In 1950, the U.N. World Meteorological Organization was established. |
|
| Fairchild Tropical Garden | |
|
In 1938, the Fairchild Tropical Garden was dedicated.
An 85-acre tract, 12 miles south of Miami, used to establish the garden
was given by the plant collector Col. Robert H. Montgomery, and named after
his friend, David Fairchild
who guided the work. Fairchild was one of the greatest plant explorers
of all time. His life was devoted to introducing thousands of new plants
into the U.S. He travelling the world seeking plants of potential aesthetic
and economic use. The garden became one of the world's finest. Its collections
include tropical and subtropical plants from around the world, especially
the palms and cycads. The site has a botanical library, a palm products
museum, a plant science building and an environmental research program.« |
|
| Medical radioisotope | |
|
In 1936, a leukemia patient was treated using a radioactive isotope of
sodium injected intravenously by Dr. Joseph G. Hamilton, a leader in atomic
medicine at the University of California. He was working with Dr. Robert
Stone, University of California Professor of Radiology. When he died (18
Feb 1957) the New York Times obituary stated that Hamilton was "believed
to be the first ever to inject a radioisotope intravenously in a human
being."*« |
|
| Darwinism forbidden | |
|
In 1925, Austin Peay, Governor of Tennessee, signed a statute forbidding
the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution in state schools. |
|
| Dixie cup | |
|
In 1912, the Dixie Cup was invented. |
|
| Wright airplane | |
|
In 1903, the Wright brothers obtain an airplane patent. |
|
| Grain mill | |
|
In 1880, John Stevens of Neenah, Wisconsin, patented the grain crushing
mill. The machine allowed flour production to increase by 70% and for flour
to sell for $2 per barrel. |
|
| Electric heater | |
|
In 1869, an electrical resistance heater was patented by Leigh Burton (No.
88,006). |
|
| London trams | |
|
In 1861, London's first tramcars began operating. An American, George Francis
Train had obtained permission for a route about a mile in length running
along Bayswater Road between Marble Arch and Notting Hill. The trams were
horse-drawn carriages with steel wheels that ran on steel tracks laid in
the street, thus making them easier to haul than on an uneven road surface.
A pair of horses could pull them with twenty seated passengers and another
twelve standing. Unfortunately, the flange of the rails which came above
the road surface caused a hazard or damaged other vehicles catching their
wheels in the track. Politcally influential local residents also objected
to the noise. The project was terminated by the authorities within six
months.« |
|
| Cable cars | |
|
In 1858, Eleazer A. Gardner of Philadelphia patented the first plans for
a cable car system. |
|
| Elevator | |
(USPTO) |
In 1857, the world’s first passenger safety elevator went into service
in a store at 488 Broadway and Broome Street in New York City. The safety
elevator invented by Elisha Otis was powered by steam through a series
of shafts and belts. As the safety and efficiency of the early elevators
continued to improve, space in buildings’ upper floors soon became more
desirable, reversing a long-standing trend in commercial and residential
leasing. By 1870, Otis Brothers & Company had revenues in excess of
US$1 million. A couple of years later, there were no less than 2,000 Otis
elevators in use.
"Otis:
Giving Rise to the Modern City" by Jason Goodwin |
| Moon photographed | |
1851(source) |
In 1840, Englishman J.W. Draper took the first successful photo of the
Moon. He made a daguerreotype,
a precursor of the modern photograph. Image:
another daguerreotype from 1851, the earliest surviving moon image. |
| Minting coins | |
|
In 1836, the coin press was invented by Franklin Beale, who produced first
batch of coins for the U.S. Mint. |
|
| Bauxite discovered in France | |
Berthier (source) |
In 1821, bauxite,
an aluminium ore, was discovered in southern France near the village of
Les
Baux by Pierre Berthier. This
hard, reddish, clay-like material contains about 50% hydrated aluminium
oxide with impurities such iron oxide. It was named
"beauxite," after the village, by P. A. Dufrenoy (1847), but changed to
"bauxite" by E. H. Sainte-Claire Deville
(1861). At first, it was so difficult to extract the metal, it was more
valuable than gold. In 1855, a bar of aluminium was exhibited
beside the Crown Jewels at the Paris Exhibition. The great abundance of
the ore, and the discovery (1886) of refining using electricity independently
by Charles Hall and Paul Louis Toussaint
Heroult
made the metal inexpensive.« |
| Rivet machine | |
|
In 1794, Josiah G. Pierson patented a rivet machine. |
|
